ACKR3 has been described as an atypical "biased" receptor because it does not appear to signal through of ACKR3 in the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3-signaling axis and better understand the structural determinants for ACKR3 activation. these small molecules and ACKR3 was defined. This work will help to better understand the unique signaling roles of ACKR3."

CKRs can be classified into typical CKRs, atypical CKRs (ACKRs) which lack G-protein signaling, and viral Constitutive Activity of the viral CKR US28 and “Chemokine Scavenger” ACKR3 Both US28 and ACKR3 are constitutively US28 evolved high constitutive activity to evade host immunity, whereas ACKR3 functions as a homeostatic In ACKR3, the presence of a tyrosine at position 6.40 plays a role in its constitutive activity (Yen, However, the role of chemokine ligands in activating US28 and ACKR3 cannot be confirmed without inactive-state

angiotensin II type 2 receptor may prevent colorectal cancer Distinct Activation Mechanisms of CXCR4 and ACKR3

receptor family comprises 19 canonical chemokine receptors together with 4 atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs fast-recycling Rab4-positive endosomes in a more sustained manner compared to the atypical scavenging receptor ACKR3 Clearing circulating chemokines and chemokines from tissue microenvironments has been well described for ACKRs this scavenging role does not occur in all chemokine receptor systems such as CXCR4, which relies on ACKRs

radiolabeling of VUF15485, a high-affinity small-molecule agonist for the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3

August 2022 "The atypical chemokine receptor 1 (ACKR1) was discovered on erythrocytes as the Duffy blood Additionally, ACKR1 expression characterizes venular endothelial cells (ECs) ( Pruenster et al., 2009 expression in mouse BM by macrophages, but not erythroblasts and ECs, suggesting that macrophage ACKR1 expression by any leukocyte type and, if correct, would change current concepts of ACKR1 involvement The reported ACKR1 expression by macrophages in Hur et al. relied on using commercial anti-ACKR1 antibody

coupled chemokine receptors (CKRs) that signal via Gαi and 4 official atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs Indeed, ACKRs behave as scavenging “decoys” in order to either limit chemokines spatial availability

The atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2), US28 and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) also carry